Marine underwater

Eiffel Tower

Long-term underwater visual localization

Four visits to a deep-sea hydrothermal vent between 2015 and 2020, with sampled color images, available navigation and common-frame COLMAP camera poses and geometry.

Metadata: Complete Metadata needs review

Quick facts

Vehicle type
Marine underwater
Environment
Not reported
Data origin
Real-world
Sensor count
2
Ground truth
Available
Calibration
Parameters Only
Annotations
Available

Sensor overview

High-level sensor availability before the detailed sensor records below.

Ground truth

Reference scope, method, rate, coverage, and provenance.

Ground-truth references for Eiffel Tower
Scope Method Reference system Count Rate Coverage Reference provenance
External
Measured using equipment independent of the platform’s normal onboard sensor pipeline.
Derived
Computed primarily from the dataset’s own recorded sensors.
Hybrid
Combines independent reference equipment with onboard measurements.
6DoF Structure from motion Not reported Not reported Not reported Full Reference provenance
External
Measured using equipment independent of the platform’s normal onboard sensor pipeline.
Derived
Computed primarily from the dataset’s own recorded sensors.
Hybrid
Combines independent reference equipment with onboard measurements.
Hybrid
Accuracy notes
Global model mean reprojection error is 1.39 px; this is not independent metric pose accuracy.
Reference notes
COLMAP reconstruction combines yearly models registered to 2020 using TEASER++ and ICP with cross-year matching. Metric scale comes from navigation alignment; the global model uses only 2020 navigation. Navigation originates from fused USBL, INS, DVL and depth equipment; raw sensor streams are not established as released. SfM references can favor methods optimizing the same metric.

Calibration and synchronization

Reported calibration level, reproducibility signals, and supporting notes.

Level
Parameters Only
Processed parameters
Available
Raw calibration data
Not reported
Calibration targets
Not reported

Parameters only

Processed calibration parameters are reported, but raw calibration data is not reported.

Notes

cameras.txt supplies intrinsics; underwater calibration uses dome-port corrective lenses and second-order radial distortion.

Known or intentional limitations

Reported constraints and characteristics to check before using the dataset.

Navigation is missing for 3178 images from 2015.

Navigation can have metre-scale offsets between visits.

Reference poses are SfM estimates with method-dependent evaluation bias.

Appearance changes include topography, ecology, water optics and recording equipment.

Cameras

camera-2015-2018

Model
Not reported
Setup
Not Reported
Count
1
Effective cameras
1
Modality
Rgb
Resolution
1920 x 1080
Rate
0.3333333333333333 Hz
Shutter
Not Reported
Lens type
Not Reported
HFOV
Not reported
VFOV
Not reported
Notes
2015, 2016 and 2018 configuration. Video capture was 25 fps; released input images were extracted every 3 seconds, then manually filtered and navigation overlays inpainted. The rate is a nominal extraction cadence. Two different cameras were used across the dives; this record is a year-scoped configuration, not an assertion of physical count.

camera-2020

Model
Not reported
Setup
Not Reported
Count
1
Effective cameras
1
Modality
Rgb
Resolution
3840 x 2160
Rate
0.3333333333333333 Hz
Shutter
Not Reported
Lens type
Not Reported
HFOV
Not reported
VFOV
Not reported
Notes
2020 configuration. Video capture was 30 fps; sampled dataset images use a nominal 3-second interval before filtering. Camera change is associated with an intensity shift. Physical count and exact model are unreported.

IMUs

Not reported

GNSS

Not reported

LiDAR

Not reported

Radar

Not reported

Pitot tube

Not reported

Additional sensors

Not reported

Annotations

Reported annotation availability and task support.

Availability
Available
Format
COLMAP images.txt
Class count
Not reported
Semantic segmentation Not reported
Instance segmentation Not reported
Object detection Not reported
Optical flow Not reported
Depth ground truth Not reported

Citation

Citation key and BibTeX kept at the end of the page for reference.

Citation key
Not reported

BibTeX

Not reported

Dataset corrections

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